Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British governmen and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. In 1874, Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring the plans into being. Following a campaign by which Lord Carnarvon had successfully brought about federation in Canada, it was thought that similar combined military and political campaigns might succeed with the various African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom.
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